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Xa kuziwa kwi-welding, ukufumana i-hang ye-Flux Cored Welding Wire Lines ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba ufuna ukubethelela ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho, ngakumbi kwiindawo zoshishino. I-Flux Cored Welding (FCW) ihambile mva nje, ubukhulu becala kuba inokuvelisa i-welds ephezulu kungakhathaliseki iimeko. Ke, kule bhlog, siza kuba sisikhokelo sakho sayo yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi malunga neFlux Cored Welding Wire Lines. Siza kuntywila kwitekhnoloji, kubuchule, nakuzo zonke ezona ndlela zilungileyo, wena njengengcali, kufuneka ube nazo kwipokotho yakho engasemva ukunyusa umdlalo wakho wokuwelda.
Ngaphaya eBeijing Orient PengSheng Tech. Co., Ltd., sifumana ngokupheleleyo indlela okubaluleke ngayo ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nomgangatho kwiwelding. Yasekwa ngo-2011 ngoncedo oluncinci oluvela kubahlobo bethu eYurophu, simalunga nokubonelela ngoomatshini beFCW abaqhayisa ngenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yamva nje. Ugxininiso lwethu ekugqweseni luthetha ukuba singakwazi ukuhambisa i-Flux Cored Welding Wire Lines kubathengi bethu, ukuze bafumane iziphumo ezimangalisayo kwiiprojekthi zabo. Ke, masitsibe ngaphakathi kwaye sijonge ukuba yintoni kanye kanye efunekayo ukuze ukwazi kakuhle le nxalenye ibalulekileyo yetekhnoloji yokuwelda!
Uyazi, i-welding ye-flux cored iyamangalisa! Iye yaduma kakhulu kuwo onke amashishini ahlukeneyo, kwaye ngesizathu esivakalayo-iyasebenza kwaye iyasebenza ngokwenene xa kuziwa ekudaleni iiwelds ezinamandla. Yonke le nkqubo ixhomekeke kolu cingo lwe-tubular oluzaliswe yi-flux, enika i-welders ulawulo olungcono kwi-weld pool kwaye yongeza umgangatho we-weld ngokubanzi. Ukuba ungumtshisi, nokuba usaqala okanye ubusenza oku iminyaka, ukwazi iziseko ze-flux cored welding kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezinomtsalane.
Enye yezona zinto zipholileyo malunga ne-flux cored welding kukuba ungayenza ngaphandle, nokuba kunomoya. Ngokwesiko, ukuwelda kwe-MIG kunokuba yintlungu emoyeni, akunjalo? Kodwa nge-flux cored welding, imathiriyeli ye-flux idala irhasi ekhuselayo ngelixa usebenza, kwaye oko kugcina i-weld bead ikhuselekile kuzo zonke ezo zinto zimbi ezinokonakalisa izinto. Ke, nokuba iimeko azigqibelelanga, usenokufumana i-weld eqinileyo ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni umgangatho. Ngaphezu koko, ukuguquguquka kweengcingo eziguquguqukayo kuthetha ukuba ungadibanisa iqela lezinto ezahlukeneyo-njengentsimbi yekhabhoni, intsimbi engatyiwa, kunye nealuminium! Kungenxa yoko le nto iye yaba lukhetho lokukhetha kuzo zonke iintlobo zeeprojekthi zokwenziwa.
Kwaye masingalibali ngesantya! I-Flux cored welding ikuvumela ukuba uhambe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ubeke imathiriyeli ngexabiso eliphezulu kuneendlela zemveli. Oku kuthetha ukuba unokwenza okuninzi ngexesha elincinci, elihlala liyimpumelelo enkulu kwindawo yomsebenzi. Njengoko abashiseli befumana isiphatho kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeengcingo ezigudileyo phaya, banokukhetha eyona ilungileyo kumsebenzi ngamnye, besenza yonke into ibe lula. Ngoqheliselo oluthile kunye nokuqonda kakuhle ubuchule bobuchule, ungaqiniseka nge-welding ye-flux cored, kwaye undithembe, imbuyekezo malunga neewelds ezinamandla nezithembeke ngakumbi ziyixabisa ngokupheleleyo.
Uyazi, iingcingo ze-welding ze-flux cored zihamba ngokwenyani kwiqela lamashishini kule mihla, kwaye kulula kakhulu ukubona ukuba kutheni. Zininzi kakhulu kwaye zisebenza kakuhle! Ezi ngcingo zisetyenziswa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kumsebenzi wokwakha ukuya ekwenzeni iimoto. Imarike yokuwelda yehlabathi yayixabisa malunga ne-23.75 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2022, kwaye iingcali zilindele ukuba ikhule ngakumbi, ibetha malunga ne-$ 34.18 yezigidigidi ngo-2030. Oko kubonisa ngokwenene ukuba kukho imfuno engakanani yezisombululo ezilungileyo zokuwelda, ngakumbi njengoko imigangatho iqhubeka itshintsha kwaye ikhula.
Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeengcingo ze-welding ze-flux cored, kunye nodidi ngalunye olulungiselelwe iimfuno ezithile. Thatha iingcingo zentsimbi, umzekelo-zixabiswa ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezichukumisayo, zizenza zibe ntle kwimisebenzi apho ukusebenza koomatshini kubaluleke kakhulu. Kutshanje, kuye kwaphuma iingcingo ezintsha ezipholileyo ezilungiselelwe ukuwelda zonke iindawo. Oku kuthetha ukuba banika iiwelders ukuba bhetyebhetye ngakumbi xa besebenza. Kwaye, iingcingo ezikhuselwe yigesi ezikhuselweyo zisebenza kakuhle kwi-carbon dioxide welding, enokunceda ngokwenene ukukhawulezisa izinto kunye nokunciphisa ukosuleleka.
Ngoku, ukuba sijonga imarike ngokukodwa kwiintambo ze-welding ze-flux cored ezisetyenziswa kwimibhobho yokukhupha, iye yatshintsha kakhulu. Ngelixa kukho uqikelelo olucebisa ukudipha kancinci kwi--3.8% ye-CAGR, eyona nto kugxilwe kuyo kusekukhupheni izisombululo ezithembekileyo nezihlala ixesha elide. Abavelisi bahlala beza neemveliso ezintsha neziphuculweyo, kwaye inkqubela phambili eqhubekayo kwitekhnoloji ye-welding inokonyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwiivenkile zokuwelda kwihlabathi liphela. Njengoko amashishini eqhubeka efuna imveliso engcono, kuya kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi indlela yokukhetha kunye nokusebenzisa iingcingo ze-welding ezahlukeneyo ze-flux cored ukuba ufuna ukuphumelela.
Kutshanje, i-welding ye-flux-cored (FCW) ihambile kwilizwe le-welding, ngakumbi xa uyigcina ngokuchasene nezo ndlela ze-arc zesikolo esidala. Enye yezona zinto zinkulu zokusebenzisa i-flux-coreed welding wire yindlela engena ngayo. Abantu abangaphaya kwi-American Welding Society bathi nge-welding ye-flux-cored, unokufumana ubunzulu obufikelela kwi-6 mm kwipasi ngalinye. Oko kuyamangalisa xa kuthelekiswa ne-3-5 mm yesiqhelo oyibonayo kunye ne-arc yentsimbi ekhuselweyo. Oku kungena kunzulu kukutshintsha komdlalo kwisethingi enzima, apho ukugcina yonke into isandi sesakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kodwa linda, kukho okungakumbi! I-welding ye-Flux-cored nayo iguquguquka kakhulu. Ngokwedatha evela kwiJenali ye-Welding, malunga nesiqingatha sayo yonke i-welding yemizi-mveliso ibandakanya uhlobo oluthile locingo olune-flux-cored. Isebenza kakuhle kwiqela lezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nentsimbi engatyiwayo kunye nentsimbi yekhabhoni, eluncedo kakhulu. Ukongeza, unokusebenza kwizikhundla ezahlukeneyo, ukwenza kube lula ukwenza imisebenzi entsonkothileyo. Olu hlobo lokuguquguquka yindawo enkulu yokuthengisa iikontraki ezifuna into ethembekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zeeprojekthi.
Kwaye masingalibali malunga nokusebenza kakuhle! Iingxelo zemizi-mveliso zibonisa ukuba abashiseli banokunyusa imisebenzi malunga ne-30% ngokukhawuleza besebenzisa i-flux-cored wire xa kuthelekiswa nezo ndlela zemveli. Olo hlobo lwesantya alugcini nje kuphela kwiindleko zabasebenzi kodwa lukwafumana iiprojekthi zenziwe ngokukhawuleza, ukuvumela amashishini ukuba enze umsebenzi omninzi ngaphandle kokutsiba kumgangatho. Ngala mazinga aphezulu okubekwa kwaye phantse alikho ixesha lokucoca, i-welding ene-flux-cored ibalasele njengeyona nto iphambili ekukhetheni ukhuphiswano lwemarike yanamhlanje.
Ke, xa sithetha malunga ne-flux-cored welding, ayinakugxininiswa ngokwaneleyo ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani ukuba negiya elungileyo kunye nokuseta ukuba ufuna ukufumana ezo welds zikumgangatho ophezulu. Nokuba uluhlobo lomntu we-DIY okanye i-pro kumdlalo, ukukhetha i-welder elungileyo kunokutshintsha amava onke. Ndiye ndadibana nophononongo lwamva nje olubonisa iqela leemodeli ezahlukeneyo ezilungiselela zonke iintlobo zeemfuno. Unezinye iinketho ezikhaphukhaphu ezinokuthi zithwalwe lula kwimisebenzi emincinci, kwaye ke kukho oomatshini abaguquguqukayo abanokusingatha iiprojekthi ezinkulu ngokulula.
Enye into epholileyo malunga ne-welders ye-flux-coreed yanamhlanje kukuba abaninzi beza namandla amaninzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba unokwenza i-MIG, DC TIG, kwaye uncamathele ukuwelda ngomatshini omnye-ulungile, akunjalo? Ayigcini nje indawo kwindawo kodwa igcina isipaji sakho sigcwele ngakumbi kuba awudingi kuthenga isixa esipheleleyo sezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuwelda. Kwaye, kubonakala ngathi imakethi yezixhobo zokuwelda i-arc iyakhula ngenene, ebonisa ukuqhubela phambili okumangalisayo okuzayo kungekudala!
Ngoku, xa kufikwa ekuseteni umatshini wakho wokuwelda we-flux-cored, konke kumalunga nokufumana umthombo oqinileyo wamandla kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba isantya sakho socingo silungile. Ukuba usebenzisa igesi yokukhusela, yinto ekufuneka uyikhumbule nayo. Indawo yokusebenzela ecwangciswe kakuhle inokwenza imimangaliso ngendlela onokuthi uphumelele ngayo ukulungisa ezo zinto—ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinjengeefama, apho ukugcina oomatshini besebenza ngokutyibilikayo kuyimfuneko. Ke, nokuba wenza umsebenzi wobuchwephesha okanye wenza i-DIY encinci ekhaya, ukukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokubethelela ubuchule bakho bokuseta kubalulekile ukuze ufumane ezona ziphumo zibalaseleyo.
Ukufumana ezona welds zigqwesileyo ngocingo olune-flux-cored kumalunga nokwazi ubuchule obuthile kunye nokuqonda iiparamitha ze-welding ezichaphazela ngokwenene indlela izinto ezenzeka ngayo. Uphando lwakutsha nje luye lwabonisa ukuba kukho iqela lezinto ezinokuchaphazela ngokunzulu umgangatho we-welds xa usebenza ngeendlela ezifana ne-Regulated Metal Deposition (RMD) kunye ne-Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Ezi ndlela zinoguquko oluninzi, zikuvumela ukuba udibanise iimeko ze-welding, ebaluleke kakhulu ekufumaneni ukungena okufanelekileyo kunye nokudityaniswa okuhle ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding.
Umzekelo, izifundo zibonisa ukuba umndilili we-welding yangoku ngumdlali ophambili xa kufikwa kubunzulu bokungena. Kukho ikhonkco elicacileyo phakathi kobunzulu bokungena kunye ne-welding yangoku, oku kuthetha ukuba uhlengahlengisa okwangoku, unokunyusa umgangatho uwonke we weld yakho. Ngokufumana ibhalansi echanekileyo phakathi kwangoku, i-voltage, kunye nesantya sokuhamba, iiwelder zinokuseta iimeko ezifanelekileyo ezingaphuculi nje ukungena kodwa zikwancede ukunciphisa naziphi na iziphene kwi-weld bead.
Ngoku, masingalibali malunga nolandelelwano lweepasile ze-welding, nto leyo ibalulekileyo xa usebenzisa iingcingo ezine-flux-cored. Uphononongo lucebisa ukuba ukukhetha iiparamitha ezifanelekileyo kwingcambu yokupasa kunye nezilandelayo ziyimfuneko ekudaleni umanyano oluqinileyo. Umzekelo, ukuqala ngomsinga osezantsi wengcambu kwaye emva koko uyikrazule ukuze ugcwalise iipasiti zokugcwalisa kunokunceda ukuphepha iingxaki ezifana nokutshisa kunye neemilo ze-wonky bead. Le ndlela eguquguqukayo yokulungelelanisa iiparamitha ayiphuculi nje umgangatho we-weld; yenza ukuba yonke inkqubo yokuwelda isebenze ngakumbi.
Ekugqibeleni, ukubamba obu buchule kwi-welding ye-flux-coreed yingxubevange yezakhono zobuchwephesha kunye nokufumana ukuqonda kakuhle imigaqo kunye neeparamitha eziyalela inkqubo ye-welding. Ngokuzilungisa ngokuqhubekayo ezi zinto, iiwelders zinokubetha ezo ziphumo ziphezulu ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yoshishino.
I-Flux-cored welding yindlela ethandwayo kumashishini ahlukeneyo, eyaziwa ngokusebenza kwayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekudaleni ii-welds ezinamandla kwiimeko ezinzima. Nangona kunjalo, abashiseli bahlala bejongana nemingeni emininzi eqhelekileyo enokuchaphazela umgangatho womsebenzi wabo. Omnye umba obalulekileyo bubunzima bokulawula isitshizi kunye nokugcina indawo yokusebenza ecocekileyo. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ubuchule obungafanelekanga kunye nokulungiswa ngokwaneleyo kunokukhokelela ekunyuseni kwamazinga okutshiza, okunokuphazamisa ukunyaniseka kwe-weld. Ngokutsho kwe-American Welding Society, ukunciphisa i-spatter kubalulekile njengoko kungachaphazeli nje i-aesthetics ye-weld kodwa kunokukhokelela kubuthathaka obukhoyo kwi-joint.
Olunye ucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo lutyekelo lokuba iiwelds zihlupheke ngenxa yokungadibani okanye ukungena okungaphelelanga. Le ngxaki inokuvela kwiisethingi zombane ezingafanelekanga okanye ukungahambelani kwesantya sokuhamba, esinokuba yingozi kwizicelo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ngokwengxelo yeZiko leSizwe leMfundo ye-Welding kunye noQeqesho, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-35% yeziphene ze-weld zivela ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemiba yokudibanisa kwi-weld-coreed welds. Ukujongana nale nkxalabo, i-welders kufuneka ibeke iliso ngokusondeleyo izicwangciso zabo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba basebenzisa izinto ezichanekileyo zokuzalisa ezenzelwe isiseko sesinyithi esibandakanyekayo.
Okokugqibela, ukufezekisa uzinzo oluchanekileyo lwe-arc lubalulekile kwi-welding enempumelelo ye-flux-coreed. Ukuguquguquka kubude be-arc kunokukhokelela kwinkangeleko ye-bead engahambelani kunye nokungena. Uphando oluvela kwiZiko le-Welding Innovation lubonisa ukuba ukusebenzisa izicwangciso zezixhobo eziphuculweyo, kubandakanywa i-diameter efanelekileyo yocingo kunye nomxube wegesi, kunokunyusa ukuzinza kwe-arc kakhulu. Ngokuqonda le mingeni kunye nokuphumeza uhlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo, i-welders inokuphucula ubuchule babo kwaye ifezekise iziphumo eziphezulu kwiiprojekthi zabo.
Uyazi, i-welding ye-flux-cored iyoyikeka kwaye isebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Isetyenziswa kumashishini amaninzi ahlukeneyo kule mihla! Kodwa, masibe yinyani: ukuba uyantywila kuyo, kufuneka unikele ingqalelo kumanyathelo okhuseleko. Njengaye, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ithi ingaba yingozi kakhulu ngenxa yaloo misi iyingozi kunye nobushushu obuphezulu obubandakanyekayo. Ngoko, lungisani, bantu! Ukunxiba izinto ezifana nezigcina-ntloko zokuwelda, iiglavu, kunye nempahla ekwaziyo ukumelana namadangatye kunyanzelekile ukuba uzigcine ukhuselekile kwaye uphilile.
Kwaye akukho malunga negiya kuphela; kufuneka sithethe ngokungena komoya kwakhona. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ukuhamba komoya okulungileyo yeyona nto ingundoqo ekunciphiseni umsi ombi onokuthi ukuphefumle ngelixa udibanisa. I-American Welding Society (AWS) ichaza ukuba umoya ophucukileyo unokunceda ekunciphiseni ukuchanabeka kwakho kwizinto eziyingozi njengemanganese kunye nenickel, ezingayilungelanga yonke imiphunga yakho. Ke, ewe, ukugcina indawo yakho yokusebenza intle kwaye inomoya-cinga iinkqubo zokukhupha umsi okanye ii-extractor ezikhethekileyo zomsi-kunokwehlisa kakhulu inani lenkunkuma ejikelezayo emoyeni.
Owu, kwaye ungahoyi ukuba indawo yokusebenza ecocekileyo inokunyusa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle! Iziko leSizwe leMfundo yoLwakhiwo kunye noPhando (NCER) lilumkisa ukuba indawo edibeneyo ingakhokelela kwiingozi. Ngokugcina izixhobo zakho kunye nemathiriyeli zicwangcisiwe kwaye ulawule inkunkuma ngokukhawuleza, unokwenza ngokwenene ukunciphisa iziliphu, iihambo, kunye nokuwa. Ngaphezu koko, yongeza imveliso! Konke kumalunga nokudala umoya okhuselekileyo kunye nokwakha inkcubeko yokwazisa ngokhuseleko kwihlabathi le-welding, uyazi?
Ke, xa kufikwa kwi-welding-coreed welding, ukukhathalela igiya yakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ufuna ukufumana ezo welds ziphezulu kwaye wenze izixhobo zakho zihlale ixesha elide. Ngokunyanisekileyo, ukwenza iitshekhi zokulungisa rhoqo kunokukusindisa ekuqhekekeni okungalindelekanga kwaye ugcine izinto zihamba kakuhle ngexesha leeprojekthi zakho. Qala ngompu wakho we-welding-unike okulungileyo kube kanye amaxesha ngamaxesha. Khangela nakuphi na ukunxiba kunye nokukrazula, ngakumbi kwincam yoqhagamshelwano kunye nombhobho. Banokuphelelwa ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo enokuphazamisa ukuzinza kwakho kwe-arc kunye nomgangatho weewelds zakho. Ukuba ubona nawuphi na umonakalo, ukuwatshintsha kwangethuba sisisombululo esikhawulezayo esiya kugcina iingxaki ezinkulu ngaphaya.
Kwaye ungalibali malunga nocingo lwakho lwe-welding olune-flux-ukuyigcina icocekile kwaye yomile ngundoqo ukuze yonke into isebenze ngaphandle komthungo. Ukufuma? Ayingomhlobo xa kufikwa kwi-flux yakho; kunokukhokelela kwi-porosity kunye neewelds ezibuthathaka. Qinisekisa ukuba ugcina iingcingo zakho kwindawo epholileyo neyomileyo. Owu, kwaye kunokuba kufanelekile ukuba uchole umxhesho wocingo onesikhuselo esikhuselayo ukusikhusela kwizinto. Ngaphezulu koko, khumbula ukucoca ezo rollers feed feed rhoqo. Ukuba ziyanamathela, zinokuphazamisana nokutya okugudileyo okudingayo. Ukuthambisa okuncinci kwiindawo ezihambayo ze-wire feeder kuhamba indlela ende ekugcineni yonke into isebenza kakuhle kunye nokwandisa ubomi bezixhobo zakho.
Okokugqibela, ungakuhoyi ukubaluleka kokufumana useto lwakho lwamandla kunye nokulinganisa ngokufanelekileyo kwisixhobo sakho sokuwelda. Thatha umzuzwana ngoku kwaye emva koko uvavanye kwaye ulungelelanise ezo setingi ukuze zilungelelaniswe noko kufuneka ucingo lwakho. Inokwenza umahluko omkhulu kumgangatho wee-welds zakho kunye nokunciphisa ukunxiba kumatshini wakho. Ukuba uluka ezi ngcebiso zogcino kwindlela yakho yesiqhelo, uyakubona ukonyuka okubonakalayo kokusebenza kunye nobomi obude bezixhobo zakho zokuwelda. Oko kuthetha ukuba imisebenzi egudileyo kunye ne-welds engcono kakhulu iyonke.
Iingcingo zokuwelda ze-Flux zisetyenziswa kuwo wonke amashishini ahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukwakhiwa kunye nokuveliswa kweemoto, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Iingcingo ze-welding ze-Flux zinika amandla aphezulu okungena, ukufikelela kubunzulu obufikelela kwi-6 mm ngokudlula, xa kuthelekiswa ne-3-5 mm kunye ne-shielded metal arc welding.
Iingcingo ezikhuselwe ngegesi ezikhuselweyo ziphucula isantya se-welding kwaye zinciphise ungcoliseko, zizenze zibe luncedo ngakumbi kwi-carbon dioxide welding applications.
Ngelixa imarike yeengcingo ze-welding ye-flux-cored welding yemibhobho yokukhupha iqikelelwa ukuba izokwehla kancinane, kukho ugxininiso ekuphuhliseni izisombululo ezithembekileyo nezizinzileyo ze-welding ukomeleza ukusebenza kakuhle kwiivenkile zokuwelda.
I-Welders inokugqiba imisebenzi ukuya kwi-30% ngokukhawuleza usebenzisa i-welding ye-flux-coreed welding, enciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi kunye nokukhawuleza ixesha leprojekthi, okuvumela amashishini ukuba athathe umsebenzi omningi.
Iiparamitha ezifana ne-welding yangoku, i-voltage, isantya sokuhamba, kunye nolandelelwano lwe-welding passes ichaphazela kakhulu ubunzulu bokungena kunye nomgangatho we-weld jikelele.
Ukulungelelanisa i-welding yangoku kunokuphucula ubunzulu bokungena kunye nokunciphisa iziphene, okukhokelela kumgangatho ophuculweyo we-weld.
Ukusebenzisa umsinga osezantsi kwingcambu yokudlula kunye nokunyuka kwangoku kokuzaliswa kokupasa kunceda ukunciphisa imiba efana nokutshisa kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kweentsimbi.
Malunga ne-50% yazo zonke ii-welding zemizi-mveliso isebenzisa uhlobo oluthile locingo olune-flux-cored ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza kwiindawo ezininzi.
Ubuchule bobuchule bobuchule bokuwelda kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kweeparamitha ze-welding zibalulekile ekuphumezeni iziphumo ezigqwesileyo kwi-welding-coreed welding.
